- Ace of Base, pop group
- At the Gates, melodic death metal group
- Arch Enemy, melodic death metal group
- Daniel Alfredsson, captain of the NHL's Ottawa Senators
- Colin Campbell, Scottish merchant and entrepreneur who co-founded the Swedish East India Company
- Arvid Carlsson, winner of the Nobel Prize in medicine (2000)
- William Chalmers (1748-1811), manager of the Swedish East India Company and founder of Chalmers University of Technology
- Sir William Chambers (1723-1796), Scottish architect
- Ulf Dageby, rock musician
- Dark Tranquillity, melodic death metal group
- Deathstars, Cybergoth Industrial Metal group
- Mikkey Dee, heavy metal drummer
- Karin Dreijer Andersson, singer-songwriter
- Olof Dreijer, musician
- Gustavo Dudamel, Venezuelan conductor
- Eddy Bengtsson, Greco-Roman wrestler
- Jan Eliasson, former Swedish Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Loui Eriksson, NHL player, Dallas Stars
- Freak Kitchen, hard rock/heavy metal group
- Lennart Green, world class magician
- Gunnar Gren, footballer, part of the Milan Gre-No-Li and 1958 FIFA World Cup runners-up squad
- Bengt Hallberg, jazz pianist
- HammerFall, power metal group
- Victor Hasselblad, industrialist, creator of Hasselblad cameras
- Håkan Hellström, singer-songwriter
- Glenn Hysén, former football player IFK Göteborg, father of Tobias Hysén
- Tobias Hysén, football player
- Zeth Höglund, founder of the Swedish communist movement
- In Flames, melodic death metal group
- Ingemar Johansson, boxer and World Heavyweight Champion in 1959
- Jan Johansson, jazz pianist. Attended Chalmers University.
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- Kim Källström, Football player, plays for European top club Olympique Lyonnais in French Ligue 1
- Carl Klingberg, Professional Ice Hockey Player. Winnipeg Jets (NHL), St. John's IceCaps (AHL)
- The Knife, electro duo
- Jens Lekman, singer-songwriter
- Christina Lindberg, exploitation film actress
- Mikael Ljungberg, Greco-Roman wrestler. World champion 1993 and 1995. Olympic gold 2000
- Aleksandra Mir, visual artist
- Torbjörn Nilsson, former IFK Göteborg football player, part of the 1982 UEFA Cup winning team
- Christian Olsson (born 1980), triple jump gold medalist in the 2004 Summer Olympics
- Elena Paparizou, Greek singer, winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 2005
- Laleh Pourkarim, Persian-Swedish singer-song-writer
- Timo Räisänen, indie-pop musician
- Niclas Sahlgren, merchant and philanthropist
- Marcus Samuelsson, renowned chef
- Torgny Segerstedt, outspoken anti-Nazi newspaper editor-in-chief
- The Similou, electronic music group
- Jonas Sjöstedt, Member of European Parliament
- The Soundtrack Of Our Lives, rock group
- Wilhelm Stenhammar, Swedish composer
- Elizabeth Stride (née Gustafsdotter) (1843-1888), alleged third victim of serial killer Jack the Ripper
- Glenn Strömberg, former football player IFK Göteborg
- Joakim Sundström, Swedish sound editor, sound designer and musician
- Jonas Svensson, professional tennis player
- The Haunted
- Evert Taube, author, artist, composer and singer
- Reorus Torkillus, first Lutheran Minister in New Sweden
- Björn Ulvaeus, singer-songwriter from ABBA
- Daniel Wahlgren (Papa Dee), musician
- Jose Gonzalez, musician
- Evergrey, progressive metal group
- Bedřich Smetana, Czech composer who lived in Gothenburg for a time
- Gunnel Lindblom, Swedish actress and director, cast in Ingmar Bergman's films
- Max Reich, Swedish house musician, known as a member of Shapeshifters
- Viktor Stalberg, NHL Player, Chicago Blackhawks
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